Himalayan Geothermal Springs (Hotsprings)

Hot spring or a thermal spring is a spring with water at temperatures substantially higher than the air temperature of the surrounding region.
Most hot springs discharge groundwater that is heated by shallow intrusions of magma (molten rock) in volcanic areas.
Some thermal springs are not related to volcanic activity.
In such cases, the water is heated by convective circulation.
This means that the groundwater percolating downward reaches depths of a kilometre or more where the temperature of rocks is high because of the normal temperature gradient of the Earth’s crust—about 30 °C (54 °F) per kilometre in the first 10 km (6 miles).
Major hot springs in India:
- Panamik in Nubra valley, Ladakh.
- Kheer Ganga hot water spring, Himachal Pradesh
- Gaurikund, Kedarnath, Uttarakhand.
The study suggested that CO2 in these thermal springs are sourced from metamorphic DE carbonation of carbonate rocks present deep in the Himalayan core.